The CRIC-8 CONCORDER (Cross-Reference in Context) was a tool for creating a 'master' concordance of a text available in the 1970s.

FORTRAN (from 'formula translating system') was a major programming language first developed by IBM in the late 1950s. While originally intended for science and engineering, with substantial drawbacks for users seeking to conduct text processing, its wide availability in academic computing centres neverthless made it an attractive choice for Humanities scholars seeking to automate research processes.

AWK is a programming language well suited to text processing first developed at Bell Labs in the late 1970s. It was particularly useful to humanists in the late 1980s and early 1990s, and was notably used to develop parts of the ARTFL project.